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''Gyromitra caroliniana'', known commonly as the Carolina false morel or big red, is an ascomycete fungus of the genus ''Gyromitra'', within the Pezizales group of fungi. It is found in hardwood forests of the southeastern United States, where it fruits in early spring soon after snowmelt. Although it is collected and eaten by some, there is some suggestion it may contain the toxic compound gyromitrin like its poisonous relative, the false morel ''G. esculenta'', and for this reason it is usually not recommended for consumption. The fruit body, or ascocarp, appears on the ground in woodland, and can grow to massive sizes. The heavily wrinkled cap is red-brown in color, nearly spherical to roughly elliptical in shape, and typically measures tall and wide. The stipe is massive, up to thick, with a white felt-like surface. The brittle flesh is densely packed into the cap in convoluted folds that form internal locules. ==Taxonomy== The species was originally named ''Morchella caroliniana'' by French botanist Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc in 1811,〔 and later sanctioned under this name by Elias Fries in 1822.〔 It was transferred to ''Gyromitra'' by Fries in 1871.〔 ''Gyromitra caroliniana'' is the type species of subgenus ''Caroliniana'' of genus ''Gyromitra''. This grouping comprises species that have, in maturity, coarsely reticulate ascospores (i.e., with a network of ridges on the surface) with multiple blunt spines that originate from the reticulum on the spores. Other species in this subgenus include ''G. fastigiata'' and the central European species ''G. parma''.〔Abbott and Currah (1997), pp. 19–21.〕 In 1969, Erich Heinz Benedix believed that the spore reticulation was sufficiently unique to be worthy of designation as a separate genus, and he described ''Fastigiella'' to contain ''G. caroliniana''.〔 Harri Harmaja disagreed, later placing ''Fastigiella'' in synonymy with ''Gyromitra''.〔 In a 2009 review of the genus ''Gyromitra'', authors van Vooren and Moreau say that Bosc's original species description is ambiguous, leaving much room for interpretation, and they suggest that several reports of the species occurring in Europe should be referred to ''Gyromitra fastigiata''. They point out that in 1970, Estonian mycologist Ain Raitviir considered Bosc's ''Morchella caroliniana'' a ''nomen dubium'', and Fries's description as ''nomen confusum'', and advocated the abandonment of the specific epithet ''caroliniana''.〔 In the early 1970s, Kent McKnight redefined the taxon and selected a neotype, based on five specimens collected from Lorton, Virginia in 1942.〔〔 The specific epithet refers to the Carolinas, where it was first collected scientifically.〔 Common names include the "brown false morel",〔 "Carolina false morel",〔 "big red", (particularly in Missouri and Arkansas),〔 or "river red".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gyromitra caroliniana」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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